Huxley Maquiladora

Internationalization of a firm is often defined as its cross border business activities, which include trading resources and final products or services, capital transactions, and widening human resources. By adopting internationalization, a firm can expand its market size, minimize operation cost, and enhance competitiveness. Relocating production plant to Mexico from Texas, Huxley sets the first step into internationalization.The movement of the manufacturing site can save a significant amount of production costs like transport tariffs, labor payments and taxations. Huxley Maquiladora should utilize the benefits offered by the new location and NAFTA, and hence focus on research & development in order to improve innovation aspect. Since we enter into technology-bombard world, hi-tech is the next step to internationalize. Only by upgrading effective know-how is the solution of long-term growth and market power maintenance.There are three ways to internationalize in Mexico: subcontract ing, shelter operation and wholly owned subsidiary (WOS); however in term of Huxley’s domination power, it should mainly consider shelter operation and WOS for bigger profits and larger sustainable plans with the option of locating either in Ciudad Acuna or Saltillo. Both shelter and WOS provides the company complete control over the quality and production management, but the costs and the set-up procedures are completely different. In this case, I would suggest applying shelter operation in Saltillo.First, shelter offers a faster, simpler, and cheaper start up than WOS; it only takes about 45-120 days to turn from authorization to actual production rather than six months to a year as WOS. Also, with shelter, the company does not have to worry about choosing appropriate plant site, recruiting and training new employees, cultural practice differences, complicated taxations, getting official legalized permits and licenses, and developing a close and healthy relationships with a ll government levels.The only cost involved in shelter operation is paying the shelter service provider in term of working hours with the rate of roughly $3. 5/hr. By paying this money, Huxley can enjoy administration, HR management, and trading services without a panic. And often times the payment rate is negotiable with a long-term contract, so in the long run it may cost less than what it seems like. Furthermore, if the business is doing ell, then it is easier to become a physically locally present company than starting from zero. Ignoring the complications and hazards, the company can fully employ its higher skill-level manpower to R&D and thus come up with more up-to-date concepts and products, which is beneficial to both the firm and consumers. As far as the location choice, Saltillo has a better doing business environment than Ciudad Acuna overall.According to the information provided, Saltillo has a higher educated population with a lot more females, which is more favorable to Huxley as it highly demands skillful and fast learning female workers for lamination and filing processes. Moreover, the transportation is more developed and efficient in Saltillo, like it is closer to the international airport with more and higher capacity operated airlines, along with well urban connected highways and railroads, and more importantly it offers 100+ tons/day cargo service, which Ciudad Acuna does not.With this feature, trading and other transactions can undergo smoothly, frequently, and effortlessly. To add on, there are more industrial parks that give the company a larger degree to compare various service providers and pick the best fit one. Even though the labor and water costs are more expensive in Saltillo and the average round trip from Saltillo to the US border costs $850 more than that from Ciudad Acuna, Saltillo is still more attractive to a manufacturing business.It is because it contains more conditioning beneficial infrastructural features, which I bel ieve can help achieving the goal of profit maximization, and with that being said, the benefits will overshadow the higher cost rates after all. To conclude, the decision of Huxley on moving the production line across the border to Mexico can enhance its profit earning and Mexico’s economy and bring opportunities to local people, as well as the relationship between the two countries. A successful internationalization can lead to positive ripple effect worldwide.

Staples’ “Black Men and Public Spaces” Strays Only Slightly

RuthAnn Milbert Instructor: Lynne Lerych May 4, 2010 English 101 Essay Review #2 Staples’ â€Å"Black Men and Public Spaces† Strays Only Slightly Brent Staples’ â€Å"Black Men and Public Spaces† narrative is about his realization of the fear that black men instill in persons of non color and his attempts at lessening that fear. Staples’ essay begins him recalling a time where a white woman ran from him simply because he was black. He continues to explain that his intentions weren’t to cause her harm but had just happened to be walking behind her since he couldn’t sleep. Staples refers to publications by Norman Podhoretz and Edward Hoagland who had expressed their views on the same type of fear the woman who ran from him had experienced and although the fear was factually founded it didn’t give much comfort to Staples. Staples explains how black youths, mostly men, were more likely intimidate people because of their upbringing and tells how this generalization led to times where he was judged by color alone and thought to be a threat. After Staples realizes and begins to understand the reasons behind this fear he began taking measures to make himself appear less threatening and by doing so he hoped to lessen the public fear of him. Staples’ essay definitely keeps the readers interest even if slightly straying from his thesis. Staples does a very nice job of keeping site of his main topic from the title to the conclusion only deviating slightly to give more background on the reasoning behind why black men tended to use the power of intimidation starting from birth. His was objective, gave great expert opinions, and maintained a good flow throughout the essay. His thoughts of how he could lessen the publics fear of him at the end of the essay didn’t have much evidence to prove that his ideas were effective aside from his own personal experience where some people seemed to react more kindly towards him then in the past. Factors such as time passing and civil rights seem just as likely to be the reason for the publics fear lessening as Staples’ theory on whistling. Staples Black Men and Public Spaces Strays Only Slightly Racism has been prevalent in the United States since the first European explorers arrived at our shores. Law reforms since that time have continuously changed almost all of society; however, â€Å"public schooling is the context in which desegregation has attained its most salient position as a national issue† (Foner and Garraty). America could reduce the amount of racial discrimination in our public high schools by encouraging everyone to pursue using one main dialect because it would make one less thing that fuels the racism in some people. Asking people (especially adolescents) to go out of their way to try and make things easier for others that they may not even know might seem like an enormous request at first, but the simplicity of it could show positive results much faster then society has ever thought possible. Racism is generally in reaction to someone's skin color or race so the way someone speaks isn't usually the focus of discussions on the matter. Lets say there was a man named, Bob. Bob was a white man from Missouri and had lost his sight over the years. One day a new mailman, a black man, cheerfully greeted Bob on his porch, but was instantly shouted at to leave the property. Although Bob was blind at that point, the way in which the mailman spoke had told Bob he was black. Was this fair? Honestly, yes and no. No, it was wrong for Bob to be racist in the first place and shouldn't assume every human that spoke as the mailman did was a person of colors. And yes, it is a pretty fair deduction Bob made due to the fact that the majority of people with that dialect were persons of color. If high school kids were all able to speak in the same manner as each other then the audible line that separates them would be greatly diminished. With that massive factor out of play, skin color becomes pretty much the sole focus of racism. If people only have one reason why they dislike or hate a group of people it weakens their resolve to continue the fight. In the Jena Six case there was a massive backing of the defendants because they were lead to believe that a great civil injustice had been done. Then the truth that the defendants had been lying came to light and â€Å"the fact remains that the Jena Six case climbed to its rickety position as a national symbol of racial injustice largely because a lot of people, some professional activists and many members of the press, wanted it to do so† (Allen). Benjamin Dowling-Sendor, an authority on school law, is an assistant appellate defender of North Carolina in Durham has wondered if it was â€Å"right that the Supreme Court ruled saying prohibition of a flag that the Freedom of Speech Clause of the First Amendment was supposed to cover was justified.† (SIRS) Although Dowling-Sendor's issue dealt with a visual symbol the same principal can be applied to audible issues. Would the request of students speaking in a certain way violate their freedom of speech? I strongly believe that the less diverse a nation is the more stable. The quote, â€Å"Unite We Stand, Divided We Fall† seems to apply itself quite well in this situation. We as individuals can remain unique, but unless we find more common ground, starting at young ages such as high school, we are doomed to another civil war.

BMW Group Essay

Bayersiche Motoren Werke Group (BMW Group) is a German company whose operations are â€Å"focused on the premium segments of the international automobile markets (BMW Group)†. BMW Group was founded in 1916 and established its main plant and headquarters in Munich, Germany just after World War I in 1922. Those facilities exist as BMW’s headquarters and flagship plant to this day (BMW Group). BMW Group coordinates its activities in more than 150 countries on 6 continents and operates 29 manufacturing facilities in 13 of those countries (BMW Group). Those manufacturing facilities are concentrated in Western Europe with 9 in Germany, 2 in Austria, and 3 in the UK. Its other manufacturing facilities and joint-owned plants are scattered abroad with 3 in North America, 2 in South America, 2 in Africa, and 7 in Asia (BMW Group). With BMW, MINI, and Rolls-Royce, the BMW Group owns three premium brands in the global automobile industry. In addition to its strong position in the m otorcycles market with the BMW brand, the BMW Group also offers a successful range of financial services which make up a relatively small portion of BMW Group’s total revenue (BMW Group). BMW Group reports its segmented revenues according to geographical sales. The graph below breaks BMW Group’s overall annual revenues into 4 geographic categories with 3 subcategories: Figure 1 – Overall Revenue Growth by Geographic Operating Segment Expressed in Euros. Source: BMW Group’s 2012 Annual Report As shown in Figure 1, the European and Asian markets in particular have shown impressive sales growth since 2009 with CAGRs of 7% and 44%, respectively. BMW Group’s revenues from China alone have increased from â‚ ¬2.76 billion to â‚ ¬14.44 billion in 4 years (CAGR:51%). Huge sales growth in the Asian market has proven very lucrative for BMW Group who forecasts further growth, especially in developing markets. Figure 2 – Business Segments as % of Total Revenues Figure 2 shows BMW Group’s segmented revenue as it relates to total annual revenue. This chart emphasizes, again, the growth of BMW Group’s Asian  segment, the relatively flat percentage of sales in the Americas, and the slight decrease in total revenue coming from Europe. With the majority of BMW Group’s manufacturing facilities in Europe, we might see more facilities being built in Asian countries like China as BMW Group shifts its focus to lucrative emerging markets in the future. Figure 3 – Revenues by Segment for Reporting Purposes For reporting purposes, BMW Group breaks their statements into categories: Automotive and Other (Motorcycles, Financial Services, Other Entities, and Eliminations). Figure 3 offers an example of the detailed breakdown with subcategories included. See Appendix A for further details. Source: BMW Group Annual Statement As a percentage of total revenue, Figure 3 indicates that automotive sales made up 91.4% of BMW Group’s revenue in 2012 and 91.9% in 2011. This slight downward trend can be attributed to the growth of BMW Group’s financial services sector which is relatively new having begun in 1993 (BMW Financial Services). Figure 4 – Growth of Balance Sheet Components Source: BMW Group Annual Statement Figure 4 offers an insightful glance at BMW Group’s Asset/Liability balance. One important note is the debt/equity ratio shown on the right side of the graph. BMW Group states its equity ratio at 23.1% in 2012 and 22% in 2011 (BMW Group). This means BMW Group chooses to finance its operations mostly with debt. To aid that decision, BMW Group has an S&P short-term credit rating of A-1 and a long-term credit rating of A+ allowing BMW Group to borrow at lower rates (BMW Group). This will be discussed further in our risk management policy overview. Another important note is the ratio of current assets/non-current assets which sits around 33%. BMW Group’s current assets consist mostly of receivables from sales financing and inventories while their larger non-current assets consist mostly of long-term receivables from sales financing and leased products. As a measure of liquidity, BMW’s current ratio for 2012 is 1.04 which signifies that BMW Group maintains an efficien t operating cycle and is capable of handling its financial obligations, even though â‚ ¬32 billion are tied up in  non-current receivables. BMW Group’s Foreign Exchange (FX) Risk Management Policy In order to achieve growth, profitability, and sustainable levels of business in the future, BMW Group understands that it must expose itself to a degree of calculated risk. In its most recent quarterly statement to its stockholders, BMW Group recognized that, â€Å"Managing risks is a fundamental prerequisite for being able to deal successfully with the constant flow of changes in the relevant political, legal, technical and economic landscapes† (BMW Group). BMW Group’s discussion in its annual report around the many risks it faces is extensive. The report includes risk topics around sales and marketing, pension obligations, information technology, raw materials, and many other detailed business components. For this discussion, we will focus on financial risks and those relating to their international risk management. The first category of financial risk is exchange risk. For BMW Group, the sale of vehicles outside the Eurozone gives rise to exchange risk because changes in exchange rates, especially between the US dollar, Chinese renminbi, British pound, Russian rouble, and the Japanese yen, subject BMW Group to transaction exposure. BMW Group claims to manage currency risks at two different levels: strategic (medium and long-term) and operating (short and medium-term) (BMW Group). For medium and long-term risks, foreign exchange risks are managed by â€Å"natural hedging†, or by increasing the volume of purchases denominated in foreign currencies or increasing the volume of local production (BMW Group). An example of strategic risk mitigation in this context might be the opening of a new plant in South Carolina, USA in 2012 to help reduce foreign exchange risk in a major sales market. For short and medium-term risks, hedging transactions are entered into with financial partners of excelle nt credit standing to mitigate operating risk. In its most recent annual statement, BMW Group clarifies that they only use derivative financial instruments for hedging purposes â€Å"in order to reduce currency, interest rate, fair value, and market price risks from operating activities and related financing requirements† (BMW Group). BMW Group operates under International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) which  requires all derivative financial instruments (interest, currency swaps, forward currencies, forward commodities contracts, etc.) to be measured at fair value, regardless of the intention for which they are held. At year end, 2012, BMW Group held derivative instruments (mostly interest rate swaps) with terms of up to 25 months to hedge interest rates arising on financial instruments with variable interest payments over the forecasted two years. BMW Group also held derivative instruments (mostly commodity swaps) with terms of up to 60 months to hedge raw material price risks attached to future transactions over the next five years. Lastly, BMW Group held derivative instruments (mostly option and forward contract options) with terms of up to 72 months to hedge currency risks attached to future transactions. As stated in a previous segment, BMW Group’s debt ratio is carefully manipulated to achieve what BMW Group feels is its optimal capital structure. BMW Group’s debt ratio has averaged about 78% for the past five years with no indication of a future change in their annual statement. An important aspect of risk management as it relates to their capital structure is the careful sel ection of financial instruments with the objective to achieve matching maturities for their debt requirements and other financial obligations (BMW Group). BMW Group seems to do a good job of timing their payments and managing the risks associated with those payments to make sure they can shoulder the burden of their nearly â‚ ¬70 billion in total financial liabilities (Q3 2013 Report). Another category for discussion is the risk around BMW Group’s procurement of raw materials. Since the availability and price of certain groups of raw materials are subject to change, BMW Group pays close attention to commodities markets to stay aware of changing landscapes (BMW Group). According to their annual statement, BMW Group utilizes financial derivatives to hedge against price risks for essential metals like platinum, palladium, aluminum, copper, and lead. BMW Group also recognizes the risk they face because of the indirect impact changes in the price of crude oil have on their production costs. Oil prices affect customers’ behavior around purchasing BMW Group’s products because consumers will often search out a substitute instead of absorb  higher fuel costs. BMW Group feels that a proper response to this risk is simply to develop and sell efficient and economical engines to reinforce their value proposition (BMW Group). BMW Group is concerned about the creditworthiness of its lenders, borrowers, and derivative instruments partners. Every borrower’s creditworthiness is tested for all credit financing and lease contracts entered into by the BMW Group (Annual Report). Retailers’ creditworthiness is assessed using validated scoring systems integrated into the purchasing process (BMW Group). BMW Group’s overall credit risk related to derivative financial instruments is minimized by the fact that BMW Group will only consider contracts with parties of first-class credit standing. Because of BMW Group’s close attention to detail and aggressive management of its international risk, the general credit risk on derivative financial instruments utilized by BMW Group is considered to be insignificant (BMW Group). Figure 5 – Breakdown of Other Comprehensive Income Source: BMW Group Annual Statement Figure 5 presents a detailed breakdown of Other Comprehensive Income including the gains/losses on financial instruments used for hedging purposes and the exchange differences on translating foreign operations for 2011 and 2012. Since BMW Group claims it only utilizes derivative financial instruments as a risk management tactic, this segment should operate as a cost center. On average, the gains/losses on financial instruments should help protect BMW Group from wild volatility from its many sources of diversifiable risk. Exchange differences are also lumped into OCI and shows the effect of exchange rate differences in the currencies belonging to the many countries BMW Group serves. Conclusion BMW Group has expanded in a fairly short period of time into operations (through direct investment or licensed dealerships) in more than 150 countries. To date, BMW Group has done an exceptional job expanding and investing in foreign markets. In many cases, the use of joint ventures with local companies has helped BMW Group enter new markets. This is usually a less risky undertaking because if the venture fails, they shoulder a smaller risk than their local counterparts. If the venture is successful, then the company transitions smoothly into the new market with greater confidence and consistency. This method has proven to be very effective for BMW Group, especially in the rapid growing Asian markets where they can test new markets and mitigate risk by transferring most of the risk to their venture partners. BMW group has built strong foreign segments, especially in the United States and China. This has been evidenced in the US by strong brand awareness and brand association coupled with significant overall revenue performance with the US contributing 18% of BMW Group’s revenues. BMW Group’s strong performance in China is evidenced by a 51% CAGR over the past 5 years which boost ed BMW’s overall revenue from â‚ ¬53 billion in 2007 to â‚ ¬77 billion in 2012 (CAGR: 15%). With their large success in international expansion, they have had mixed success with their hedging strategies. Their gains/losses on financial derivative hedging instruments in 2012 were a large improvement over 2011 with a â‚ ¬770 million increase in 2012 compared to a â‚ ¬733 million decrease for 2011. Conversely, BMW Group took a loss in exchange differences from foreign operations of â‚ ¬123 million in 2012 and a â‚ ¬168 million gain and 2011 (Figure 5). Without further detailing the historical patterns of those line items, it seems BMW Group is getting progressively better at managing their transaction exposure and other foreign operations risks. A brief look at BMW Group’s annual statement proves that they have done an excellent job identifying potential risks and setting controls and policies to protect themselves. If they can continue to grow their segments in the Americas and Asia, they will continue to establish themselves as a global manufacturer of quality vehicles as is their stated mission. One organizational risk that BMW recognizes and must continue to avoid is using derivative financial instruments for speculative trade instead of loss prevention. If BMW Group can maintain their brand in Europe, continue to grow in their American and Asian segments, and continue to use hedging and derivative tools conservatively as a risk mitigation tool, they will see continued success and healthy growth with solid future earning s and a steadily growing stock price. Figures expressed in Euros. Figures expressed in thousands. WORKS CITED â€Å"Annual Report 2012.† BMW Group : Investor Relations / Financial Reports / Annual Report. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Mar. 2014. . â€Å"BMW Group : Company : History : Milestones.† BMW Group : Company : History : Milestones. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Mar. 2014. . â€Å"BMW GROUP IN THE UK..† BMW Market: About Us. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Mar. 2014. . â€Å"BMW Profile & Executives.†Bloomberg.com. Bloomberg, n.d. Web. 15 Mar. 2014. . â€Å"Financial Services.† Overview. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Mar. 2014. . â€Å"Q3 Report (September 30, 2013).† BMW Group : Investor Relations : Quarterly Report. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Mar. 2014. .

Globalization Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

Globalization - Assignment Example The primary reason for this is greed, because most of those businesses literally rip off their workers. They make huge profits through exporting their products but still expect their employees to work for meager wages under tough conditions. Because of this, the International Labor Organization (ILO) has instituted punitive and very harsh sanctions that are meant to prevent workers in developing countries from being exploited. This, however, has put Western governments and consumers at crossroads. This is because the governments want consumers to be able to purchase the commodities they need, but at the same time they do not want to appear to be supporting the oppressive business owners (Stabile, 2008). Local companies generally produce similar goods but at much higher prices, therefore they are not popular with consumers (Waltman, 2004). I mean, why buy a carpet manufactured in America for $50 when you can buy the same carpet for $30 if it is Chinese-made? Eventually, consumers will pay more to support the living wage for overseas workers. This is because even if they were to pay more, it would still be considerably lower than the prices they would have to pay for similar products manufactured in the Western world. Governments are aware of this and therefore they will press upon the exporting countries to ensure that factory and business owners’ wages meet the minimum requirements. This, I believe, would be satisfactory for all parties

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Macroeconomics Creative Project - Essay Example There exists a big distinction of social issues and economic issues within our society; but, what we may tend to consider more social can best be explained using the analytical tools of economics. Attending exhibitions such as art exhibitions or museum exhibitions is part of social life and fun. From a classroom perspective, attending an exhibition, particularly in a museum is often part of history, art, literature, and architecture courses, but acquiring any economics knowledge form an exhibition in a museum is quite novel. Attending an exhibit would be more beneficial to art, history and architecture student than it would be for an economics student. It would be perceived by many as having fun. Imagine of an exhibition relating to identity politics and issues of race in America in the 21st century. This is more history and political science. Race is a social issue in the society that has been on the forefront since the emergence of civil rights movements in the U.S. Such an exhibit can easily be integrated into a history and art class and help students understand class theory better; but, for a macroeconomics class, it would seem less beneficial. The typical introductory course in macroeconomics covers measurement of national incomes, theories of income determination, market systems, inflation and unemployment, and the effect of fiscal and monetary policies. Usually, there is no inclusion of a discussion on the economics of race. Taking a close reflection of the literature of race issues in the America, including some articles from reliable writers on issues of racial discrimination; for example, the issue of African American not being included in Social Security, it is possible to integrate race in economics. Issues of employment discrimination on the basis of race have been reported all over in the society since time in history. From classroom skills acquired in the macroeconomics course, I believe outside classroom activities

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Bp oil spill - Essay Example As a result of the explosion, an oil gusher located on the sea bed flowed relentlessly for around three months before the wellhead was finally successfully capped after a number of failed attempts (Robertson & Krauss, 2010). The oil spill had serious repercussions on Bp and its investors as well as other stakeholders in a number of related industries as the company had to claim responsibility for all the damage that was done as a result (Robertson & Krauss, 2010). The level at which the company was affected can be measured via the use of key indicators of performance related to the marketing industry. After investigations were conducted it was determined that Bp was to blame for the accident. However it was determined that Deepwater Horizon operator Transocean and Halliburton which was the contractor of the oil rig was also to blame for their various roles (Robertson & Krauss, 2010). The results of the investigation led to a number of repercussions especially for Bp in particular. Using long term Key indicators of performance one can determine that BP paid a large price for their mistake. In economic terms, BP took a large dent in their financial status as they ended up paying over 4 billion dollars in fines and other expenses in particular. Such a large financial effect can indicate the downfall of a company if not properly managed and handled in an economic manner (Parmenter, 2007). The image of BP also took a serious hit as organizations such as the EPA developed doubts over its integrity and as a result it lost its ability to vie for government contracts after the accident. This displays the fact that the company’s public image took a negative turn which can be dangerous if not overturned as soon as possible (Parmenter, 2007). The news reports also painted the company in a bad light as environmental and other organizations blamed the company for

Interpretative planning Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Interpretative planning - Case Study Example The plan itself is a comprehensive document detailing the focus of specific projects that could be considered interpretive works. The project may be a single exhibition or showing or a guided walk or display for a permanent project. Whatever the scale of the project, the essential questions when formulating the plan are; who is the project designed for' What is to be interpreted' Why is to be interpreted' (McArthur, 1998). As such, the interpretive plan takes in the big picture and provides a broad statement of intent. At the level of the heritage organisation the interpretative plan outlines the intentions to the approach of interpretation over the long-term. And can also allow for the collaboration of interpretation across numerous related heritage organisations. At the regional level, the heritage organisation could cooperate with other organisations to present a common or complementary perspective to interpretation in their region. Ultimately the interpretative strategy guides th e interpretation process to meet the needs and expectations of the projects purpose, and of the visitors. This paper will provide answer the question, 'Why do Australian Botanic Gardens use interpretation' Firstly, this paper will briefly outline the purpose of botanic gardens in Australia. Secondly, the stories plants tell through interpretive planning will be presented. Next, how the interpretive plan can use plants as education tolls will be highlighted. And then the interpretive message provided by plantings will be discussed. Finally a conclusion shall synthesis the main points of the paper and demonstrates that the paper answered the question of why botanic gardens use interpretative planning. Review of the Literature Botanic Gardens of Australia Botanic Gardens have a long history as part of Australian heritage. The key emphasis of all the botanic gardens is that they are collections of plants for conservation, preservation and beauty. Australian botanic gardens cluster plants together according to themes. The themes tend to be placed across a large garden site, with plants being located to areas where they will look and survive best. The themes are important as they provide continuity and meaning to the displays, otherwise the collections would not readily be able to engage the interest of visitors. Collections of plants clustered according to themes allow botanic gardens to more fully communicate critical information about the plants to visitors. Interpretive planning as used in botanic gardens provides a channel for story-telling to the public about the importance of plants in the ecological cycles that make up geographical spaces in which humans live and act. The Stories Plants Tell Botanic gardens are able to communicate critical information about vanishing rainforests, not only in Australia but the world. As such, the themed collections can more fully relate a story about the part each plant plays in the bigger picture which is an area/region/nation or global ecology. Many insects, animals and other plants are reliant on specific plants for nutrition, shelter or reproduction. When visitors understand how each plant has a role in the wider survival of global species then interpretative planning can be said to have succeeded (Moscardo, 1998). A modern botanic garden is of course far more than

Media - Is 10 Years Younger an Example of Celebration or Essay

Media - Is 10 Years Younger an Example of Celebration or Objectification of Women - Essay Example Brooks claims that men seek women like they see in magazines because they believe those women are the cultural ideals in today's society. This is problematic because this viewpoint is not realistic. Furthermore, as a result, men often miss out on meaningful relationships with women that are not so perfect physically, but that would make wonderful soul mates under the surface. Brooks calls this problem the centerfold syndrome. The centerfold syndrome, indoctrinated sometimes subtly, depersonalizes women, perpetuates anatomical falsities, and creates idealized and unreal fantasies about sex and sexuality; in short, it makes women objects of conquest, not people to interact with. The elements of this syndrome include (1) voyeurism (omnipresent images of naked and near-naked women), (2) objectification (women become objects to be observed), (3) need for validation through sexual conquest, (4)  Ã‚  (women's bodies as trophies to be "collected"), and (5) fear of intimacy (insensitivity t o emotional needs and issues). Levy (2005, pg. 1) agrees with the aforementioned viewpoints on the objectification of women. ... What we once regarded as a kind of sexual expression we now view as sexuality. Spectacles of naked ladies have moved from seedy side streets to center stage, where everyone-men and women can watch them in broad daylight." Kaschak and Hill believe, like many others, that objectification of women is a form of injustice to women all over the world. They often write about it in the context of feminist theories and the like. Feminist theory states that the objectification of women is immoral and unethical and, therefore, presents a continuous challenge for women, no matter their race or background. Objectification of women can vary according to a number of qualities, such as a woman's sexual orientation, physical appearance, race, income level, social status, religious beliefs, morals, values, ethics, exposure to men, criminal background, disability status, res ponsibility level, and level of self-care (Kaschak and Hill, 1999). The Channel 4 TV programme '10 Years Younger' is an example of the objectification of women via the broadcast media. Its content influences women-both participants and viewers to become more like the magazine centerfolds and ideal women described above. It teaches these women that, in order to have meaningful relationships, they need to be as close to perfect in their physical appearance as possible. This is not realistic and can leave these women feeling vulnerable and suffering from a low self-esteem. According to Dominguez (1989, pg. 1), "Concern with objectification is both new and old.  Ã‚  

Gay Marriage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 9

Gay Marriage - Essay Example Certain analysts state that psychological, physical and financial well-being is improved by marriage and that kids of gay couples benefit from being brought up by parents within a union that is legally recognized and is supported by institutions of the society. Court documents that American Scientist Associations filled also indicate that isolating gay women and men as ineligible for marriage both stigmatizes and welcomes discrimination by the public against them. The American Anthropological Association asserts that research of social science does not approve the opinion that either social orders that are viable or civilization depend upon failing to recognize gay marriage. Gay marriage can be carried out in a civil ceremony that is secular or in a religious setting. Many faith communities all over the world support are accepting gay couple to marry or perform gay marriage ceremonies. In a study of examining the consequences of discrimination that are institutional on the psychiatri c health of lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) people that was carried out by a Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, discovered an increase in psychiatric disorders, involving more than doubling of disorders of anxiety, within the (LGB) individuals living in the US that constituted bans on gay marriage. The study showed the importance of doing away with discriminations that are in the form of institutions, even those resulting in disparities in the well-being and mental health of LGB individuals.

Ethical Leadership Martin Luther King Jr Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Ethical Leadership Martin Luther King Jr - Essay Example Ethical leadership is about the quality of a leader to fight for the ethics which is applicable for everybody. This is really shown in the life of Martin Luther King Jr., whose says that "In struggling for human dignity the oppressed people of the world must not allow themselves to become bitter or indulge in hate campaigns. To retaliate with hate and bitterness would do nothing but intensify the hate in the world. Along the way of life, someone must have sense enough and morality enough to cut off the chain of hate. This can be done only by projecting the ethics of love to the center of our lives" "There are two types of laws: there are just laws and there are unjust laws...What is the difference between the two...An unjust law is a man-made code that is out of harmony with the moral law. The ultimate test of a man is not where he stands in moments of comfort and moments of convenience, but where he stands in moments of challenge and moments of controversy." (quietspaces.com n.pag) His purpose in life was to give the true meaning of freedom and he had taken the path of non-violence to achieve it. He had studied the life great leader Mahatma Gandhi, who also achieved freedom for his nation through the means of nonviolence. With this ethical means he fought against discrimination and racialism particularly, towards the black or the Negro community in United States. He fought for their rights by telling the suppressing community the true meaning of freedom that is equality in all human being without the discrimination in color of skin. Martin Luther King even while he was a student he was known for his leadership qualities and was rewarded several times. He was elected president of the senior class and delivered the valedictory address; he won the Pearl Plafker Award for the most outstanding student; and he received the J. Lewis Crozer fellowship for graduate study at a university of his choice. Dr. King was awarded honorary degrees from a number of colleges and universities in the United States and several other foreign countries (Brown et al. n.pag 2006). Martin Luther King also followed his father's and grandfather's steps and entered the Christian ministry. He was ordained in February 1948 at the age of nineteen at Ebenezer Baptist Church, Atlanta, Georgia and became Assistant Pastor of Ebenezer. Soon after the completion of his studies at Boston University, he accepted the call of Dexter Avenue Baptist Church, Montgomery, Alabama (Brown et al. n.pag 2006). Psychological research has discovered the following positive personality variables associated with strong leadership includes warmth, friendliness, self-confidence, ability to stand up to pressure. These researches have also found that the absence of the negative qualities of arrogance, hostility, boastfulness, egotism, and passivity are correlated with positive leadership (Romney, 1996). If we look into the life of King, it can be said that he is among the top leaders of the world. He was always a strong worker for civil rights for members of his race as a member of the executive committee of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. The Montgomery Bus Boycott, in 1955 led by King lasted for 382 days and was among ones in which he was arrested, his home was bombed, he was subjected to personal abuse. King was arrested during this campaign, which ended with a United States Supreme Court decision

Virtue - Ontology Essay Example for Free

Virtue Ontology Essay Many people associate Plato with a few central doctrines that are advocated in his writings: The world that appears to our senses is in some way defective and filled with error, but there is a more real and perfect realm, populated by entities (called â€Å"forms† or â€Å"ideas†) that are eternal, changeless, and in some sense paradigmatic for the structure and character of the world presented to our senses. Among the most important of these abstract objects (as they are now called, because they are not located in space or time) are goodness, beauty, equality, bigness, likeness, unity, being, sameness, difference, change, and changelessness. (These terms—â€Å"goodness†, â€Å"beauty†, and so on—are often capitalized by those who write about Plato, in order to call attention to their exalted status; similarly for â€Å"Forms† and â€Å"Ideas. †) The most fundamental distinction in Platos philosophy is between the many observable objects that appear beautiful (good, just, unified, equal, big) and the one object that is what beauty (goodness, justice, unity) really is, from which those many beautiful (good, just, unified, equal, big) things receive their names and their corresponding characteristics. Nearly every major work of Plato is, in some way, devoted to or dependent on this distinction. Many of them explore the ethical and practical consequences of conceiving of reality in this bifurcated way. We are urged to transform our values by taking to heart the greater reality of the forms and the defectiveness of the corporeal world. We must recognize that the soul is a different sort of object from the body—so much so that it does not depend on the existence of the body for its functioning, and can in fact grasp the nature of the forms far more easily when it is not encumbered by its attachment to anything corporeal. In a few of Platos works, we are told that the soul always retains the ability to recollect what it once grasped of the forms, when it was disembodied prior to its possessors birth (see especially Meno), and that the lives we lead are to some extent a punishment or reward for choices we made in a previous existence (see especially the final pages of Republic). But in many of Platos writings, it is asserted or assumed that true philosophers—those who recognize how important it is to distinguish the one (the one thing that goodness is, or virtue is, or courage is) from the many (the many things that are called good or virtuous or courageous )—are in a position to become ethically superior to unenlightened human beings, because of the greater degree of insight they can acquire. To understand which things are good and why they are good (and if we are not interested in such questions, how can we become good? ), we must investigate the form of good.

Compare and Contrast Television Essay Example for Free

Compare and Contrast Television Essay There are so many TV’s to choose from now days it is so hard to pick the right one. Maybe this guide will help you out. The first color TV was introduced into the world in the year of 1966. It has taken 25 yrs for a mass acceptance. In today’s society majority of the homes have the up to date television. The newer versions of TV’S are a better choice to make when picking out a TV. Here are list of some web sites for you to look at before buying any TV’s. http://shop. panasonic. com, www. bestbuy. com, www. rca. com. Television sets in the early nineties were pretty cool then even though a TV had a price tag of: $750 for a 1997 28 inch Samsung. The graphic was ok but still needed so much work on it to make it clearer. The other thing about the TV’s back then is it’s bulky and not to mention heavy. There are great advantages to having a TV in the 90’s. You can hook up RCA jacks to use a DVD player or video games. People in the 90’s gave someone a new TV for a gift for Christmas or birthday or even a graduation present. In the year of 2012 there are so many ways to see the world of televisions. One of the ways is through the TV set of Panasonic VIERA HDTV. One plus is that they have a new sleek and thin look to them not to mention the price tag of more or less than $2,999. 99. New up to date Graphics are so exciting. There are taking the original 2D and turning it into 3D eye popping full high definition. Smart phones in the last 5 years and now for the year of 2012 there is a smart TV out there called : SMART VIERAÂ ® 55 Class WT50 Series Full HD 3D LED HDTV (54. 6 Diag. ). These TV’s still have some of the basics that are on TV. You can still plug RCA jacks and also hook up cables for game playing. You can also give these TV’s as Christmas, birthday, wedding, or even a graduation present. Knowing these facts about televisions you should have enough confidence to go out and buy a new TV. Even go to a goodwill store and get a good used TV there. If you were to go out and buy a new one you should get a newer model like the new 2012 models so you can get the most up to date technology. With the older TV’s being obsolete due to the technology in the year 2012. The pawn shops don’t even take them . with them being older than the year 2001. TV’s are like cars they are always changing over a year’s time. There are so many TV’s to choose from now days it is so hard to pick the right one. You just have to keep looking for the right information for your own needs not everyone has the same needs that is also why there is so many models of TV’S. The way the technology is increasing and moving forward in this short amount of time make you wonder how the next 20 years of technology is going towards.

Carbonic Anhydrase: Structure, Mechanisms and Functions

Carbonic Anhydrase: Structure, Mechanisms and Functions INTRODUCTION Carbonic anhydrase, abbreviated as CA, is the first identified zinc containing enzyme, (CA; carbonate hydro-lyase, EC 4.2.1.1) It is an enzyme that catalyzes the reversible hydration and dehydration of carbon dioxide to form carbonic acid, bicarbonate ions and protons. Being one of the fastest enzyme known, it is believed that one molecule of CA can process one million molecules of carbon dioxide  per second. The basic molecular structure of CA includes specific amino acid threonine 199, glutamate 106, histidine 64 and histidine residues namely His 93, His 95, and His 118. The mode of regulation of CA is being inhibited by various medically prescribed substances that act as non competitive inhibitors, an example is Acetazolamide. CA plays a major key role in the fluid balance and regulatory of pH in different parts of the body thus, Mutation of this enzyme may lead to several diseases.(1) CARBONIC ANYHYDRASE THE START: Breathing, a fundamental function in life The air that we breathe in has some valuable oxygen, an important molecule wherein it helps the breakdown of fats and sugars in our cells. From the blood, oxygen diffuses then binds with the hemoglobin to be transported in the cells of our body. A by product of sugar and fat breakdown in cells is called Carbon dioxide CO2). It is a key metabolite in all living organism and it needs to be removed from our body. Carbon dioxide is diffuse out of the cells and transported in the blood in different ways to get to the lungs. CA is transported in numerous forms, mainly as bicarbonate, HCO3-. Bicarbonate is a CO2- with an attached OH group. When the HCO3- reaches the lungs, it is transformed back to a CO2, so it can be exhaled from the body. The conversion of bicarbonate to carbon dioxide facilitates its transport into the cell; while the conversion of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate assists trap the carbon dioxide in the cell. This interconversion of carbon dioxide and bicarbonate develop at a slow physiological pH hence organism tend to produces an enzyme to hasten the process. This enzyme responsible for the speed up interconversion, which can be found in the red blood cells, is called carbonic anhydrase. Although the interconversion of bicarbonate to carbon dioxide can happen without the enzyme, CA can great increase the rate of the conversions up to a millions of fold. (2) STRUCTURE The CA molecule in general has ellipsoidal shape with the estimated dimension 4.1 x 4.1 x 4.7 nm. The active site is situated in a cavity having an approximately conical shape. The cavity is assessed 1.5 m wide at the way in and about 1.6 nm deep attaining almost the center of the molecule. The zinc ion is next to the peak of the cone and liganded into 3 imidazole groups. Taken as a whole, the CA is composed of 10-stranded anti-parallel beta-sheet enclosed with various elements of other secondary structure. The 6 alpha-helices and 10-beta sheets make up the secondary structure of carbonic anhydrase. The basic function of CA is basically to regulate the oxygen and carbon dioxide content of the blood that is needed in a human body. As the function suggests, the chemical structure of CA extremely lies with the presence of zinc that lies deep within its active site. Its common amino acid composition includes threonine, glutamate and histidine. The specificity of these 3 amino acids (threonine 199, glutamate 106, and histidine 64) plays a critical role in relation to the presence of zinc by charging it with a hydroxyl ion. The zinc cation is associated with three histidine residue protein backbone namely: His93, His95, and His118. As stated, zinc plays a major role in the reaction of CA. The zinc present in the active side of CA is being bound to water to be able to dissociate it into a proton and hydroxyl ion. The hydroxyl ion is being stabilized by the positively charged zinc, in this way; the hydroxyl ion is being prepared to attack the carbon dioxide inside the RBC. A closer look with CA can be seen in the figure below where the amino acid chains in the active site together with the zinc are evident. The role of the zinc basically includes the command of directional transfer of the bound hydroxyl to the carbon dioxide to be able to form bicarbonate ion. From the figure, it shows that the intermediate structure where the bicarbonate ion is still attached to the enzyme. The alanine replicated the side chain for amino acid 199 in this arrangement. Histidine 64 swings in the direction of and away from the zinc ion in every cycle of enzyme action although it is helping the zinc to recharge with a novel hydroxyl ion. The two locations of this residue, revealed in the bottom right figure, symbolize its movement throughout the action of enzyme. Almost immediately as the zinc is reloaded with an original water molecule together with the release of bicarbonate ion, the enzyme is set for another action on some new carbon dioxide molecule. (3) MECHANISM OF CATALYSIS The rate of catalysis of the CA is exceedingly pH dependent. It means that, the higher the pH, the catalysis is faster and as the pH reduces, the speed of the reaction falls down. The mean pH of this transition is near pH 7. (5) Figure 2.0 shows the mechanism of CA catalysis. A zinc atom which is generally bound to four or more ligands differs in CA. In CA, three locations are engaged by the imidazole rings of three histidine residues and an additional site is occupied by a water molecule. Thus the geometry form of the active site is tetrahedral. The zinc atom plays an important role in the mechanism of CA catalysis because it is responsible for the release of a proton H+ from a water molecule, which then generates a nucleophilic hydroxide ion. Then carbon dioxide substrate attaches to the enzymes active site and is situated to react with the hydroxide ion. The zinc-bound OH-  attacks the carbon of CO2  therefore converting it into a bicarbonate ion. This occurs since the zinc ion has the +2 charge, which attracts the oxygen of water. It then deprotonates the water, thus, converting it into a better nucleophile so that the newly converted hydroxyl ion can attack the carbon dioxide. After the nucleophilic attack of zinc bound OH-, addition of water molecule displaces the bicarbonate ion from the metal ion. The CA is then ready for another cycle of catalysis. (7) KINETICS OF REACTIONS CA inhibitors are class of pharmaceuticals that control the activity of carbonic anhydrase. It is inhibited by two classes of compounds, a metal complex forming anions and others are isosteres and sulfonamides. Inhibitors ionize upon binding with the enzyme to give way an NH- group that relocates the zinc hydroxide ions and shares a hydrogen bond. There are roughly 25 clinically used CA inhibitors as a drugs. It is mainly established as antiglaucoma drugs, diuretics, hypotensive agents, anticonvulsants, anticancer agents, antiepileptics, with additional use in the management of duodenal and gastric ulcers, osteoporosis and neurological disorder. (8) Acetazolamide Methazolamide Dorzolamide Topiramate Figure 3. Illustrations of some CA inhibitors (9) Figure 3.0 shows some CA inhibitors like Acetozolamide which acts as a mild diuretic. It cures glaucoma, altitude sickness, and some benign intracranial hypertension. Methazolamide treats glaucoma present in dogs which is called Open-angle glaucoma. While Topiramate which is a weak inhibitor, alleviate epilepsy, lennox gastuat syndrome and migraine headaches. And another CA inhibitor is the, Dorzolamide or sulphonamide which treat ocular hypertension or open-angele glaucoma. (10) CA activator regulates the proton transfer processes between the active site and the solvent system. It also binds at the entrance of the enzyme of the active site. One of the strong activator of CA is Histidine. Some amines and amino acids like l-Trp (tryptophan), l-Phe (Phenylalanine),  d-DOPA (D- 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine),  l-Tyr (Tyrosine), 4-amino-l-Phe also works as activators of CA. These CA activators are potentially target for drug development that can be useful as a derivative for the enhancement of synaptic efficacy which can be able to treat various conditions like, depression, alzheimers disease, ageing, spatial learning and memory therapy enhancer. (11) MODE OF REGULATION: Acetazolamide Inhibitor In case of excessive contents of CA in blood and peripheral areas of the lungs, proper regulation and inhibition is needed. Acetazolamide is a non competitive inhibitor that is effective in giving control with the catalytic reaction of the enzyme. This chemical complex substance is medically used o treat different conditions of moderate up to severe metabolic or respiratory alkalosis. Alkalosis may happen if excess CA is being reacted with the bicarbonate and carbon dioxide ions in the RBC, causing extreme absorption of bicarbonate thus giving the erythrocyte more basicity rather than having enough and sufficient pH level. Acetazolamide action is explained by interfering with bicarbonate (HCO3-) reabsorption in the kidneys, thereby giving enough acidity in the RBC, and further results to alkalinizing the urine. The action of inhibition results further to decreased synthesis of aqueous humor of the eye and causes the lowering of intraocular pressure. The interaction of Acetazolamide with CA does not occur with the active site, only close or remote to the active site. The net effect of this inhibitor basically changes the shape of CA that obviously leads to the inability of the substrate to bind properly, results to no catalytic reaction. (12) CARBONIC ANHYDRASE IN HEALTH AND DISEASE: Carbonic Anhydrase is found in numerous places in the body, including in the cerebro-spinal fluid, cytosol of some cells and mainly in the red blood cells. Since CA generates and utilizes protons and bicarbonate ions, it plays a major key role in the fluid balance and regulatory of pH in different parts of the body. Absence or mutation of the CA enzyme may lead to several diseases.  Also, CA inhibitor contributes to several treatments of diseases. One of the linked diseases of CA is the Osteopetrosis with cerebral calcification and renal acidosis. It is a syndrome deficient with CA in the body commonly called as Marble brain disease. This happens because sulfonamide inhibitor of CA can produce metabolic acidosis and have shown that CA inhibitors blocks the parathyroid hormone-induced the release of calcium bone which causes bone resorption. And since CA is present in the brain and CA inhibitors inhibits the production of cerebral spinal fluid, mutation of CA lead to cerebral calcification. Other disease associated with the deficiency of specific type of CAIII is the Myastenia gravis. It is an autoimmune neuromuscular disorder that results to a weak muscle of a person. Defects in CA IV can cause retinitis pigmentosa, a degeneration of retinal photoreceptor, which a patient experiences night vision blindness and loss of midperipheral visual. (13) Glaucoma, a condition wherein a build up of fluid in the eyes occurs and this presses the optic nerve that caused damage, is treated with the use of CA inhibitors like acetazolamide, brinzolamide, dorzolamide, and methazolamide. These inhibitors lessen the amount of fluid in the eye rapidly by 40% to 60% thus lowering the pressure inside the eye of a person with glaucoma. It now lessens the risk of optic nerve damage which promote vision loss. But prolong use of this drug affects the same enzyme in the tissue and may lead to kidney and liver damage The CA also plays an important role in the secretion of acid through the catalyzed hydration of excreted CO2 in the stomach lining which is mainly responsible in digestion of food. It helps to make pancreatic juice alkaline and our saliva neutral. In summary, CA performs different role and functions at their specific locations. (14)

Othellos Flaw in Shakespeares The Tragedy of Othello Essays -- Paper

Othello's Flaw in Shakespeare's The Tragedy of Othello In Shakespeare?s play Othello, Othello himself is the tragic hero. He is an individual of high stature who is destroyed by his surroundings, his own actions, and his fate. His destruction is essentially precipitated by his own actions, as well as by the actions of the characters surrounding him. The tragedy of Othello is not a fault of a single person, but is rather the consequence of a wide range of feelings, judgments, misjudgments, and attempts for personal justification revealed by the characters. Othello is first shown as a hero of war and a man of great pride and courage. As the play continues, his character begins to deteriorate and become less noble. Throughout the play, Othello?s character changes from a flawless military leader, to a murderer. He has certain traits which make him seem naive and unsophisticated compared to many other people. Iago knows Othello is a proud man, Othello?s open and trusting nature in the beginning of the play lets Iago, whom is cunning, untrustworthy, selfish, and plotting, use him as a scapegoat. Othello, the Moor, as many call him, is a strong character. He is very proud and in control of every move throughout the play. The control is not only of power but also of the sense of his being, who he is, a great warrior. In Act I, Othello has a fight with Brabantio, who has come to kill him, but before anything could happen, Othello said: "Hold your hands, both of you of my inclining and the rest. Were it my cue to fight, I should have known it without a prompter" (I, ii, lines 97-100). The power shown here is quite surprising. The nature of Othello's character is of a dark man. Not only because he is black, but also because he... ...hat's a fable If that thou be'st a devil, I cannot kill thee? (V, II, Lines 333-334) He couldn't handle the anguish of knowing he had murdered in jealousy rather for justice. He carried out his sentence, by taking a knife and stabbing himself. He then said: "I kissed thee ere I killed thee. No way but this, Killing myself, to die upon a kiss" (V, ii, line 413-414). Othello was jealous. He thought his wife was cheating on him and he thought he was killing for justice. He said that he loved not wisely but too well. It was not very smart of him to believe another man about something he should know more about. This is why I think of Othello as a tragic hero in this play. His character was brought to light of a horrible situation by a deceitful devil named Iago. Bibliography: Shakespeare, William. Othello. Ed. Alfred Harbab. Middlesex, England: Penguin, 1970.

Captain Swing :: essays research papers

Hobsbawm, E. J. and Rude, George (1975) Captain Swing. New York, NY: W.W. Norton and Company, Inc., 384 pp.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Captain Swing is an enjoyable collaboration between E. J. Hobsbawm and George Rude that depicts the social history of the English agricultural wage-laborers’ uprising of 1830. According to Hobsbawm and Rude, historiography of the laborers’ rising of 1830 is negligible. Most of what is known by the general public comes from J. L. And Barbara Hammond’s The Village Laborer published in 1911. They consider this an exceedingly valuable work, but state that the Hammonds oversimplified events in order to dramatize them. They placed too much emphasis on enclosure, oversimplified both the nature and prevalence of the â€Å"Speenhamland System† of poor relief, and neglected the range and scope of the uprising. Hobsbawm and Rude do not claim to present any new data, and believe that the Hammonds will still be read for enjoyment, but believe that by asking different questions, they can shed new light on the social history of the movement. Therefore , this book tries to â€Å"describe and analyze the most impressive episode in the English farm-labourers’ long and doomed struggle against poverty and degradation.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the nineteenth century, England had no peasantry to speak of in the sense that other nations did. Where families who owned or occupied their own small plot of land and cultivated it themselves, apart from work on their lord’s farms, farmed most of Europe, England’s â€Å"peasants† were agricultural wage-laborers. As such, both tithes and taxes hit them hard. Lords and farmers were also against tithes and taxes and tolerated or even welcomed some outcry against them. Most county leaders in 1830 agreed with the laborers, but the government in London did not.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Further, enclosure eliminated the common lands whose use had helped the very poor to live. As a result, the relationship between farmers and laborers changed to a â€Å"purely market relationship between employer and proletarian.† At the same time, work once done by annual servants was given over to wage labor. Farmers were driven by income rather than social concerns and it was cheaper to pay a small wage for all positions and let laborers pay their own living out of it than to provide them room and board, however minimal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The laborers were not revolutionary, however. They did not wish to overturn the traditional social order. They merely demanded the restoration of their meager rights within it.

Who do you blame most for King Duncans Death? :: English Literature Essays

Who do you blame most for King Duncan's Death? Who do you blame for king Duncan’s death? Consider the role of Macbeth, Lady Macbeth, and the Witches. When answering this question you need to consider the roles of Macbeth, Lady Macbeth, and the Witches. From this we need to also consider when the play was written and in what context the audience saw the characters in the time when the plays were written. Shakespeare was commissioned to write the play by James I of England who was also James IV of Scotland in the same period and was the new King of England. James I was obsessed and paranoid about witches, so much so that he wrote a book on the subject titled Demonology; at this time everyone believed in the existence of the supernatural, and when the Witches came on to the stage they would not be seen as funny or laughable but as sinister and scary. James I mother, Mary Queen of Scots had been executed on the charge of treason, his father Lord Darnley had been assassinated. James I had inherited a time of political turmoil and confusion through the church and the monarchy’s ideology; and a time where political murder and revenge murder were commonplace. James I himself had, had two assassination attempts made on his life. The second of these was in 1605 and is well known to this day it was the Gunpowder Plot; this may be why the murder of King Duncan isn’t in the play be cause it may insight ideas about murdering King James I, also showing the murder may make James I seem less divine. James I would be seen as less divine because if a King is seen to be murdered on stage while he is asleep with no struggle them he may be seen by the public as faulted and fallible. In Shakespeare’s period people believed there was a greater power controlling life, and as long as this divine order was maintained chaos wouldn’t take control. The murder of the king would throw the system into chaos; the murder would not only be a crime against the state but more importantly a crime against god. At the top of the chain is god with ultimate power over everything, then King, Thanes, citizens, and finally animals. Macbeth is thane of Glamis at the start and is then also Thane or Cawdor, this gives him a duty to the King and god that he must obey as they are his superiors.

Helping Others Essay

One day on the way home from work, I was driving on the freeway. I passed a car that had broken down and was sitting on the side of the road. There was a lady and her two littlechildren that were stranded. It was hot outside and I stopped to see if I could help. I gave them a ride to their house, made sure that they would be ok and then I left. I never saw them again. I didn’t know this family; I didn’t stop because I thought that I may win an award or get famous because of it. I stopped because I have been in that position before and know how it feels to be stranded with your children. Why would someone help another person whom they don’t even know? There have been some controversial theories on the helping of others. One theory is from the egoists. A major believer in the egoism theory is the famous author, Ayn Rand. She believes that a person should only help another person if they hold value to them, or if in helping them they will receive something in return , which is all supposed to relate to one’s own happiness. Egoism claims that each person has but one ultimate goal: his or her own welfare. This theory also implies that not everyone can be an egoist. It relies on other people being altruistic. Most altruists believe that each person has an obligation to give pleasure and take away the pains of other people. Altruism involves the unselfish concern for others. It entails doing things only out of a desire to help, not because one feels obligated to do so because of loyalty, duty, or religious reasons. Altruism involves true selflessness. The sacrifice of one’s own welfare for the welfare of another is what this theory is about. Rand believes, as do most egoists, that an altruistic person has low self-esteem and a lack of respect for other people. I can’t see how this could be true. I think that one would need to have some self-esteem in order to risk their lives for others. And in reference to the lack of respect for others, I think that is exactly the opposite of the reality: respect for others would seem to be a driving force behind altruism. I do not agree with Rand and the egoism point of view. I wonder what the world would be like if there were more people who follow egoism. Would the heroes of the world not exist? What would happen to us  all? If every person were out for themselves and didn’t care about others, except for what they would get out of being nice, what a mean and selfish world this would be. Would there have to be more altruistic people in order for our world to survive? I h ope not. I truly would hate to live in a world like that, mainly because a person, me included, would either have to be the egoist or the altruistic and I don’t want to be either one of those. There have been many stories about the brave people who helped to rescue wounded and trapped victims under the ruins of the twin towers, September 11, 2001, after the terrorist attack. I believe that these heroes did this because of their concern for others. I don’t believe that the rescuers would have time to stop and figure out their priorities and possible gains from helping the victims. They acted immediately and ran in there regardless of the danger to themselves. Most of the rescuers had no idea who they were rescuing, nor what would happen to themselves once they got into the rubble. If there were egoism principles applied to this rescue, would anyone have been saved? I believe that unless there was some kind of reward offered, not as many people would have been rescued. I don’t know how an egoist could have friendships or ever find real love. What kind of parent would an egoism enthusiast make? I believe that the child would definitely suffer and ultimately end up being altruistic. Living under a dominating and controlling person would be horrible, and it would cause low self-esteem and lack of respect for others outside of the relationship. I think that the less respect you show another person, the less respect that person has for others. On the other hand, I think the altruistic person is the one who gets walked on all of the time and used. This would not be good either. What kind of real relationship can one have if they are never concerned for their own welfare? I would think that it would be a very one-sided relationship. Personally, I believe that there has to be some balance between the two theories. I think that egoists are selfish, and I would not fit into that category. I do not believe that I would fit fully into the altruistic category either. It would be really difficult to be fully one way or another. The theories of egoism and altruism are contradictory to each other. I don’t believe that being fully one way or the other could provide true happiness. If there could be a society that is fully altruistic or fully egoistic, then I think our ethical system would not work. I believe  that my life shows a mix of the two theories. I look out for myself, while at the same time I look out for my children and animals. My family knows that they are most important to me, but they also know that I am important to myself. I don’t think that I could take care of my family if I did not take care of myself at the same time. Self-respect and healthy self-esteem are important to me.

Family Matters

My favorite vacation was two summers back just before I entered high school. My family and I traveled to South Padre Island, Texas; located in the Gulf of Mexico; connected to Texas by only a long narrow bridge. I had high hopes for the vacation, but they took a plummet during the course of my vacation. Although much of my vacation was an utter disaster, I learned that with family you can make the best out of anything. My trip started out alright flying into the lush tropical island, seeing the shimmering waves winking at me during the airplanes descent. When we exited the airport my skin was greeted with a warm tropical breeze upon stepping outside. We then took a cab to our lavish hotel, The Magnolia. Upon entering the hotel lobby, I was greeted to the tantalizing smell of freshly caught Gulf shrimp, which got my stomach growling. It seemed that after such an amazing day as this one that this vacation could only get better, but alas that was not in nature’s plans. The next morning, dark clouds loomed in the horizon, signaling a storm; little did I know that it would turn out to be the mother of all tropical storms; a hurricane! Most occupants of the island were in a hurry to leave, but the bridge was the only way out of the island, other than the airport which was closed in this emergency. While ost of the city’s traffic was jammed trying to get onto the bridge, my family and I went to the penthouse of the hotel and locked ourselves in. To ease the tension, we played card games and told stories while the hurricane passed by and two days later the storm had finally gone by and the flooding had subsided so it was safe to go out. We then made good use of the near-empty beaches and enjoyed surfing and boogey-boarding on the gigantic waves enjoying our time together as a family. After a fun day on the beach, we were slightly disappointed to be informed by the hotel manager that we could no longer stay in the penthouse so we had to return to our original room. The next day I was saddened that our trip had come to an end as I slowly packed my belongings. On the way to the airport I was deep in thought, I realized that for all the misfortunes that plagued us on our trip, it actually turned out to be a very enjoyable vacation and countless summers after it is still my favorite vacation to date.

Indian Thought in Emerson Thoreau and Whitman Essay

VEDANTA philosophy was one of several thought currents from abroad that reached New England in the early decades of the 19th century and contributed to the thinking of Emerson and Thoreau. Emerson’s interest in the sacred writings of the East probably began: . ring his Harvard days and continued throughout his life. He knew Laws of Manu, Vishnupurana, the Bhagvad- Gita, and Katha Upanishad: There are numerous references to these scriptures in his Journals and Essays. Thoreau, too, was introduced to Oriental writing while still at Harvard. His initial contact was with an essay on Oriental poetry by Sir William Jones; in 1841, at the age of 24, he began an intensive study of Hindu religious books. In the January 1843 issue of The Dial, Thoreau published selected passages from Laws of Manu. From a French version of the Sanskrit Harivansa, he translated a story, â€Å"The Transmigration Seven Brahmans,† and in The Dial of January 1844, he published excerpts from Buddhist scriptures under the title â€Å"The Preaching of Buddha. † Emerson, Thoreau, and other Transcendentalists, interested in the concept of â€Å"selfhood,† found in Hindu scripture a well-elaborated doctrine of Self. Hindu scripture tells us that the central core of one’s self (antaratman) is identifiable with the cosmic whole (Brahman). The Upanishad state: â€Å"The self within you, the resplendent, immortal person is internal self of all things and is the universal Brahman. † Concepts similar to this cardinal doctrine of Vedanta appear in the writings of the Transcendentalists. But there are many ideological similarities among Oriental literature, the neo-Platonic doctrines, Christian mysticism, and the philosophy of the German Idealists such as Kant and Schelling. And, since the Transcendentalists were acquainted with all of these writings, it is not always possible to identify specific influences. Nevertheless, the striking parallels between Transcendentalist writing and Oriental thought make it clear that there was a spiritual kinship. In â€Å"Plato; or, the Philosopher,† Emerson writes that â€Å"the conception of fundamental Unity† – the â€Å"ecstasy† of losing â€Å"all being in one Being† – finds its highest expression â€Å"chiefly in the Indian Scriptures, in the Vedas, the Bhagavat Geeta, and the Vishnu Purana. † In this essay, Emerson quotes Krishna speaking to a sage:†Ã¢â‚¬ËœYou are fit to apprehend that you are not distinct from me†¦. That which I am, thou art, and that also is this world, with its gods and heroes and mankind. Men contemplate distinctions because they are stupefied with ignorance. ‘ ‘†¦. What is the great end of all, you shall now learn from me. It is soul, – one in all bodies, pervading, uniform, perfect, preeminent over nature, exempt from birth, growth and decay, omnipresent, made up of true knowledge, independent, unconnected with unrealities, with name, species and the rest, in time past, present and to come. The knowledge that this spirit, which is essentially one, is in one’s own and in all other bodies, is the wisdom of one who knows the unity of things. ‘† In formulating his own concept of the Over-Soul, Emerson might well be quoting Krishna once again: â€Å"We live in succession, in division, in parts, in particles. Meantime within man is the soul of the whole; the wise silence; the universal beauty, to which every part and particle is equally related; the eternal ONE. And this deep power in which we exist and whose beatitude is all accessible to us, is not only self-sufficing and perfect in every hour, but in the act of seeing and the thing seen, the seer and the spectacle, the subject and the object, are one. We see the world piece by piece, as the sun, the moon, the animal, the tree; but the whole, of which these are shining parts, is the soul. Only by the vision of that Wisdom can the horoscope of the ages be read†¦. † Some of Emerson’s poetry resembles Vedanta literature in form as well as in content. A striking example is the poem â€Å"Brahma. † This is â€Å"Brahma† in its entirety: If the red slayer think he slays, Or if the lain think he is slain, They know not well the subtle ways I keep, and pass, and turn again. Far or forgot to me is near; Shadow and sunlight are the same; The vanished gods to me appear; And one to me are shame and fame. They reckon ill who leave me out; When me they fly, I am the wings; I am the doubter and the doubt, And I the hymn the Brahmin sings. The strong gods pine for my abode, And pine in vain the sacred Seven, But thou, meek lover of the good! Find me, and turn thy back on heaven. The first stanza is essentially an adaptation of these lines from the Katha Upanishad: If the slayer think I slay, if the lain think I am slain, then both of them do not know well. If (the soul) does not slay, nor is it slain. The second and the third stanzas echo the following lines of the Gita: I am the ritual action, I am the sacrifice, I am the ancestral oblation, I am the sacred hymn, I am also the melted butter, I am the fire and I am the offering. I am immorality and also death. I am being as well as non-being. In some respects, Henry David Thoreau was even more than Emerson attracted to Oriental thought and philosophy. For while Emerson found the Hindu doctrines of soul congenial to his own ideas about man’s relationship to the universe, Thoreau found in Hindu scriptures a way of life with which he felt a profound affinity. When Thoreau began his intensive study of Hindu scriptures, he wrote in his Journal, â€Å"I cannot read a sentence in the book of the Hindoos without being elevated upon the table-land of the Ghauts†¦. The impression which those sublime sentences made on me last night has awakened me before any cockcrowing†¦. The simple life herein described confers on us a degree of freedom even in perusal†¦ wants so easily and gracefully satisfied that they seem like a more refined pleasure and repleteness. † Later, in his first book he said: â€Å"Any moral philosophy is exceedingly rare. This of Manu addresses our privacy more than most. It is a more private and familiar, and at the same time a more public and universal work, than is spoken in parlour or pulpit nowadays. As our domestic fowls are said to have their original in the wild pheasant of India, so our domestic thoughts have their prototypes in the thoughts of her philosophers. Most books belong to the house and street only, and in the fields their leaves feel very thin†¦. But this, as it proceeds from, so it addresses, what is deepest and most abiding in man. It belongs to the noontide of the day, the midsummer of the year, and after the snows have melted, and the waters evaporated in the spring, still its truth speaks freshly to our experience†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬  Thoreau sought throughout his life to live a life of meaning – a life in which he would understand the truths of his own nature, his relationship with other men and his relationship with Nature and with the Universe. In the Bhagavad-Gita Thoreau found clues for his quest which he transposed into his Journals: â€Å"The man who, having abandoned all lusts of the flesh, walketh without inordinate desires, unassuming, and free from pride, obtaineth happiness. † â€Å"The wise man†¦. seeketh for that which is homogeneous to his own nature. † We know too that Thoreau’s reading led him to an interest in Yoga. He wrote in a letter to a friend: â€Å"Free in this world as the birds in the air, disengaged from every kind of chains, those who have practiced the yoga gather in Brahma the certain fruit of their works†¦ The yogi, absorbed in contemplation, contributes in his degree to creation†¦. Divine forms traverse him†¦. and, united to the nature which is proper to him, he goes, he acts as animating original matter†¦. To some extent, and at rare interval, even I am a yogi. † And in Walden, Thoreau describes a state of mind that has a close resemblance to the experience of the yogi. It is similar also to the transcendental Self of the Upanishads which as Sakshi or spectator merely looks on without participating in the pageant of the world. â€Å"By a conscious effort of the mind we can stand aloof from the actions and their consequences; and all things, good and bad, go by us like a torrent. We are not wholly involved in Nature†¦ I may be either the driftwood in the stream, or Indra in the sky looking down on it†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ [I] am sensible of a certain doubleness by which I can stand as remote from myself as from another. However intense my experience, I am conscious of the presence and criticism of a part of me, which, as it were is not a part of me, but spectator, sharing no experience, but taking note of it; and that is no more I than it is you. When the play†¦ of life is over, the spectator goes his way. † When Walt Whitman published Leaver of Grass in 1855, he was almost universally condemned for the formlessness of his poems and the grandiosity of his heretic philosophy. But Emerson made it a point to write a letter to the author: â€Å"I am very happy in reading it†¦. It meets the demand I am always making of what seemed the sterile and stingy Nature, as if too much handiwork or too much lymph in the temperament were making our Western wits fat and mean. I give you joy of your free and brave thought. I have great joy in it. I find incomparable things said incomparably well. † The ideas that Emerson referred to as â€Å"incomparable things said incomparably well† Thoreau was later to characterize as â€Å"wonderfully like the Orientals. † For the long opening poem of Leave of Grass – â€Å"Song of Myself† – contains Whitman’s exultant concept of â€Å"myself† in which he expressess the essence of Vedantic mysticism. Mysticism, as it is understood by the Vedantist and as it finds expression in â€Å"Song of Myself† is a way of embracing the other, the objective world, in an inclusive conception of Selfhood. It is a way of finding the World in the Self and as the Self. Like the â€Å"Cosmic Form† described in the Gita and the Dynamic Self of the Upanishads, Whitman’s â€Å"Self† sweeps through the Cosmos and embraces it: What is a man anyhow? What am I? and what axe you? In all people I see myself, none more and not one a barleycorn less And the good on bad I say of myself I say of them. And I know I am solid and sound, To me the converging objects of the universe perpetually flow, All are written to me, and I must get what the writing means. And 1 know I am death less. † The critic Malcolm Cowley points out that Whitman’s mysticism has its counterpart in modern Indian writing too. Sri Ramakrishna writes, â€Å"The Divine Mother revealed to me in the Kali temple that it was She who had become everything. She showed me that everything was full of Consciousness [Divinity], the Image of Consciousness, the altar was Consciousness, the water-vessels were Consciousness, the door sill was Consciousness, the marble floor was Consciousness†¦. I saw a wicked man in front of the Kali temple; but in him I saw the power of the Divine Mother vibrating. † Earlier in the 19th Century, Whitman had written: I hear and behold God in every object†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ I see something of God each hour of the twenty-four, and each moment then, In the faces of men and women I see God, and in my own face in the glass; I find letters from God chopped in the street, and everyone is signed by God’s name. ’ While there are innumerable points of similarity in thought and experience between Whitman and Oriental scripture, in some respects Whitman goes against the mainstream of Indian Philosophy. â€Å"Unlike most of the Indian sages, for example, he was not a thoroughgoing idealist. He did not believe that the whole world of the senses, of desires, of birth and death, was only maya, illusion, nor did he hold that it was a sort of purgatory; instead he praised the world as real and joyful. He did not despise the body, but proclaimed that it was as miraculous as the soul. He was too good a citizen of the nineteenth century to surrender his faith in material progress as the necessary counterpart of spiritual progress. Although he yearned for ecstatic union with the soul or Oversoul, he did not try to achieve it by subjugating the senses, as advised by yogis and Buddhists alike; on the contrary, he thought the ‘merge’ could also be achieved by a total surrender to the senses. † Thoreau, Emerson, Whitman – they were all good citizens of the nineteenth century and of the West. In the bulk of their work, all three writers built on native American material and embodied American attitudes, especially the concepts of individualism and self-reliance. Perhaps the most fitting commentary on their relationship to Indian literature was made by Gandhi after reading Emerson’s Essays: â€Å"The essays to my mind contain the teaching of Indian wisdom in a Western ‘guru’. It is interesting to see our own sometimes differently fashioned. † ****** ****** ******

The Conservation Of Tropical Rainforests Environmental Sciences Essay

A practical grasp of some tropical rain forest preservation issues was gained through the scrutiny of the Mossman Gorge recreational site, the next Aboriginal community, and the Cow Bay part. These sites were examined utilizing the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ‘s ( OECD ) Pressure-State-Response describing theoretical account in which observations were recorded in proformas and visually captured utilizing picture taking. There are a figure of force per unit areas on tropical rain forest systems, which are both natural and human induced and impact the province of the environment. Responses to these force per unit areas can be in the signifier of long and short term steps, nevertheless, there are many factors which need to be considered before implementing such steps, for illustration force per unit areas that may ensue from the response action. Management and preservation of tropical rain forests is disputing, with legion stakeholders involved. However, to go on to protect these extremely diverse countries, they need to be managed efficaciously, monitored on a regular basis, and the response mechanisms re-evaluated often.Mossman GorgeRecreational Activity in Tropical Rainforest and Indigenous ConcernsIntroductionGeneral OverviewNature-based touristry is a quickly turning touristry section within the planetary touristry industry, and is of peculiar significance within Tropical North Queensland ( Hill & A ; Gale, 2009 ) . The bulk of this touristry occurs within fragile, sensitive and protected environments, which raises concerns about the impacts that touristry has on these environments ( Hill & A ; Gale, 2009 ) . Negative impacts from these activities occur and need to be addressed ( Kimmel, 1999 ) . There is a demand to be after and modulate recreational activities within rain forests to forestall such possible negative impacts ( Kimmel, 1999 ) . The direct and indirect negative impacts of diversion and touristry can include: gla de of flora for substructure, harm from treading, the spread of alien weeds along walking paths and roads, the spread of diseases, such as Phytopthora cinnamomi and many other impacts ( Pickering & A ; Hill, 2007 ) . However, recreational activities associated with touristry can besides let people to larn and be educated about environmental rules which can rise their consciousness of and committedness to environmental protection ( Kimmel, 1999 ) . There are a figure of Autochthonal cultural and direction concerns related to recreational activity in tropical rain forests. Autochthonal people are traditional keepers of the land, and therefore have a right to be included in the direction of recreational sites within their country ( Hill, Baird, & A ; Buchanan, 1999 ) . Their countries are of great cultural and heritage significance and merit regard that is non normally introduced or present with development and touristry ( Bentrupperbaumer, & A ; Reser, 2000 ) . Autochthonal communities located near tourer sites can endure from a deficiency of privateness and regard, cultural commodification, trespass, supplanting and a whole host of other issues ( Bentrupperbaumer, & A ; Reser, 2000 ) . Concerns besides encompass: negative environmental impacts as a consequence of touristry and tourers on the land, devastation or change of narrative topographic points and sacred sites, and issues sing stealing/touching and defacing of nature and artifacts ( Hill, Baird, & A ; Buchanan, 1999 ) .Site Location and DescriptionThe Mossman Gorge recreational site and next Aboriginal community were the site locations for this survey country. The Aboriginal Community of the Kuku Yalanji people, Bamanga Bubu Ngadimunku, is located next to the Mossman Gorge recreational site, West of Mossman ( Bentrupperbaumer, & A ; Reser, 2000 ) . Access to the recreational site is by agencies of a route through the Aboriginal community ( Bentrupperbaumer, & A ; Reser, 2000 ) . The community, which started in the 1960 ‘s when the Daintree Mission closed, has about 170 occupants. Tourism is utilized as a beginning of income for the community. The Mossman Gorge recreational site is located in the Wet Tropics World Heritage Area ( WTWHA ) within the Daintree National Park ( Murphy, & A ; Harding, 2008 ) . It has been designed for twenty-four hours usage. There is a auto park and picnic country, along with a lavatory block and bike rack. Fires, bivouacing and fishing are prohibited activities. No rubbish bins or barbecues are provided. There are a sum of 25 designated parking infinites, with parking happening elsewhere every bit good, and 7 picnic tabular arraies are provided. Mossman River flows beside the site, and the site itself is surrounded by lowland tropical rain forest ( Murphy, & A ; Harding, 2008 ) . Figure 1 shows a map of this country. This country has about 500,000 visitants on an one-year footing ( Bentrupperbaumer, & A ; Reser, 2000 ) .Data PresentationMethodsThe OECD Pressure State Response theoretical account and its accompanying model are tools used to pass on information sing the province of the environme nt, force per unit areas moving upon it and response steps that can be taken ( Figure 2 ) ( OECD, 2000 ) . This theoretical account was used to develop proformas in which informations could so be collected consistently. Behavioral observations of wildlife and worlds were undertaken every bit good as systematic experimental recordings of the built and natural environments to measure the site ; these were recorded in the proformas. Cardinal indexs were developed and used for entering the province of the natural, built and human environments. Pressures that degraded the province of these environments were so identified and recorded in the proformas. Response steps already in topographic point were so identified and extra responses considered and recorded in the proformas. Additional cardinal note pickings was besides used to roll up informations, along with picture taking to enter site conditions. Data was collected at the Mossman Gorge recreational site and at the Indigenous Community on the 27th of April 2010. The conditions was overcast with rain. Mossman Gorge recreational site was visited from 9:30-10:00am and from 11:30-1:00pm. The Indigenous Community was visited from 10:00-11:30am.ConsequencesThe consequences are summarised in the undermentioned figures, exposures and tabular arraies.DiscussionState/ConditionIn general, the natural environment was in good status. Bing within the Wet Tropics World Heritage Area and Daintree National Park, the site has been handled by environmental direction bureaus. There was non a big diverseness of wildlife witnessed at the site. This absence of wildlife was most likely due to the conditions conditions and clip restraints of when the survey was conducted. The wildlife that did look was chiefly in the signifier of insects and bush Meleagris gallopavos. The bush Meleagris gallopavos were habituated to worlds, were aggressive towards eac h other when scavenging, and one had an injured leg. The flora seemed to hold been chiefly in the signifier of healthy primary low land rain forest. There was some invasion of alien weed species at the border of the route, borders of the recreational country, and within the garden. The yellowing of foliages on a little figure of trees indicated their possible unhealthy province. The dirt appeared to be slightly degraded in the chief country of the recreational site and peculiarly around the border boundaries. Erosion and compression of dirt were happening. The H2O seemed to be in good status, with first-class flow, and the H2O was clear, nevertheless there did look to be some signifier of algae/moss/fungi on the partially and to the full submerged stones. The air was non in peculiarly good status as there was odourand noise pollution nowadays. Areas within this site most at hazard to degradation include the border boundaries between the natural environment and the built, that is: on the border of the route, the country environing the picnic/grass country and environing the lavatory block. The built environment could be separated into three distinguishable ‘state ‘ countries. The route and auto park country were non in good status. The picnic tabular arraies, marks and waies were in reasonably good status. The staying reinforced environment was in satisfactory status, such as the coffin nail bins which needed cleansing and voidance, and the garden, which suffered from dirt and mulch loss, every bit good as some weeds, and wood rot/mould. By and large, the human environment was non in good status. Historical and traditional utilizations of the country were non looking to be undertaken, there was herding of people, big Numberss of vehicles and perceptible noise and odour pollution. The Traditional Owners besides felt displaced, a loss of sense and belonging, and uncomfortable in the recreational country.PressuresThere are legion direction and preservation force per unit areas at the Mossman Gorge diversion site. The chief environmental force per unit areas include pollution, human activities and glade and atomization. Pollution from vehicles and people caused the debasement of the natural environment and lowered visitant satisfaction. Human activities such as chasing and eating animate beings, compression of dirt and the touching or mutilation of flora topographic point force per unit area on the natural environment. Clearing can do loss of primary rain forest, secondary regrowth, affects dirt and cause atomization. At omization consequences in additive barriers and border effects, impacting flora and wildlife. Climate alteration is a long term force per unit area to the natural environment which may besides bring forth societal and cultural issues. The chief built force per unit areas include hapless design and layout of the country, non plenty of some installations, every bit good as inordinate usage of some installations. Poor design and layout of the country includes the lavatories isolated from the walking paths but near to Mossman River and the picnic tabular arraies really near to primary rain forest. This could do force per unit area through increased contact of visitants with the natural environment ( eroding, compression, chasing of wildlife and handling of flora ) , possible pollution from the lavatory block into the river, and decreased visitant satisfaction. There are deficient installations such as auto Parkss, marks, tabular arraies and seats, every bit good as lavatories which can do force per unit area on the substructure and lessening visitant satisfaction. Excessive usage of installations includes the route and auto Parkss which cause harm to the substructure and environment, peculiarly through eroding. The chief human force per unit areas include inordinate visitant Numberss, distribution and hapless usage forms and behaviors. Excessive visitant Numberss and clumped distribution of visitants, such as on walking paths, causes harm to the natural environment through compression of dirt, more human handling of flora, decrease in visitant satisfaction and an addition in the likeliness of substructure harm. Poor usage forms of visitants besides can do harm to the environment, substructure and a lessening in visitant satisfaction. Visitor behavior force per unit areas can do cultural issues sing discourtesy, opprobrious linguistic communication and racism towards the Autochthonal people. All of these force per unit areas affect the natural environment, the subs tructure, and produce societal and cultural issues.ResponsesShort Term Management Strategies Education through the installing of more effectual marks with pictural diagrams and warnings of forbidden activities in different linguistic communications could be utilized. Cusps in different linguistic communications or perchance even presenting a Ranger on site during peak visitant times/seasons may besides win in educating the visitants about negative impacts on the environment and may besides cut down discourtesy and bad behavior towards the Autochthonal people. Decreasing the force per unit areas from uncluttering and atomization could be accomplished through presenting buffer zones and wildlife corridors, well linking tree canopies across the route and walking paths and perchance even constructing elevated board walks. Engagement of Traditional Indigenous Owners in the direction of the recreational site and the instruction of visitants could cut down cultural and societal force per unit areas as the tourers may derive cultural penetration and regard for the Autochthonal peopl e. The execution of drainage may cut down dirt eroding which, in bend, may alleviate some force per unit area on flora. Redesigning the country by traveling the picnic tabular arraies off from the immediate rain forest and into the chief subdivision of the grassed country every bit good as switching the lavatory block back off from the river could besides be effectual responses to pollution and human impacts. More effectual enforcement of regulations and ordinances through better monitoring and increased mulcts in relation to, ‘no trailing or upseting wildlife ‘ , ‘no littering ‘ , ‘no manus feeding ‘ , and ‘no speeding/dangerous driving ‘ could besides significantly cut down force per unit areas from human activities. Long Term Management Strategies Possibly presenting a little entry fee and steadily increasing it over clip could cut down vehicle traffic and the figure of visitants, and may diminish force per unit areas on the natural, built and human environments. The Mossman Gorge Gateway Project is a response to force per unit areas on the natural, built and human environments. It will affect the Indigenous community which may cut down societal and cultural force per unit areas. The undertaking should besides efficaciously cut down vehicle traffic into the site, be able to curtail, or expeditiously clip the entry of visitants so as to cut down crowding, and do the local Autochthonal people more comfy when sing the site.DecisionRecreational activity at the Mossman Gorge site affects the province of the World Heritage tropical rain forest in the country. The debut of big Numberss of visitants and traffic, every bit good as edifice substructure to back up these visitants had placed force per unit areas on the natural environment . To conserve this sensitive country response steps are required to cut down force per unit areas non merely on the natural environ, but besides the built and human environments. The associated concerns of the Indigenous community, that is next to this recreational site, besides need to be addressed. The Autochthonal people are frequently faced with discourtesy and bad behavior from visitants which has displaced these Traditional Owners, lowered their ego regard, made them uncomfortable, and created a loss of sense of topographic point and belonging. Through response mechanisms, there may be a lessening in societal and cultural force per unit areas and the concerns of the Indigenous could be addressed by affecting them more in the direction of the site.MentionsBentrupperbaumer, JM, & A ; Reser, JP 2000, Impacts of Visitation and Use: Psychosocial and Biophysical Windows on Visitation and Use in the Wet Tropics World Heritage Area, Cooperative Research Centre for Tropical Rainforest Ecology and Management, Cairns. Hill, J. , & A ; Gale, T. ( explosive detection systems ) 2009, Ecotourism and Environmental Sustainability: Principles and Practices, Ashgate Publishing Limited, Surrey. Hill R, Baird, A, & A ; Buchanan, D 1999, Aborigines and Fire in the Wet Tropics of Queensland, Australia: Ecosystem Management Across Cultures, Society & A ; Natural Resources, 12, pp. 205 – 223. Kimmel, JR 1999, Ecotourism as Environmental Learning, The Journal of Environmental Education, 30, 2, pp. 40 – 44. Murphy, A, & A ; Harding, P 2008, Queensland & A ; the Great Barrier Reef, 5th edn, Alone Planet Publishing Pty Ltd, Victoria. OECD, 2000, OECD Proceedings Frameworks to Measure Sustainable Development: An OECD Expert Workshop, OECD, Paris. Pickering, CM, & A ; Hill, W 2007, Impacts of diversion and touristry on works biodiversity and flora in protected countries in Australia, The Journal of Environmental Management, 85, pp. 791 – 800.Cow Bay RegionUrban Development within Tropical Rain forestsIntroductionGeneral OverviewHuman activity in a tropical rain forest can take to woods devastation or debasement ( Maloney, 1998 ) . Urban development in this scene can hold a figure of negative drawbacks, peculiarly the clearance of land for development ( Maloney, 1998 ) . This development that occurs in these pristine and by and large delicate environments can interrupt the dirt system, do extended irreversible harm and ease more urban development ( Maloney, 1998 ) . Linear barriers and border effects can ensue from urban development and do the change or devastation of home grounds, alter wildlife and flora populations, cause perturbations of visible radiation, dust, fumes exhausts, enable the invasion of alien species, f ragment home grounds and populations and consequence in increased mortality of animate beings from vehicle traffic ( Laurance, & A ; Bierregaard, 1997 ; Rico, Kindlmann, & A ; Sedlacek, 2007 ) . Over the past 150 old ages at that place have been dramatic alterations to the rain forest in the Wet Tropics part ( Bermingham, Dick, Moritz, 2005 ) . The Daintree country is one of the most biologically diverse and important parts within the WHWTA ( Bermingham, Dick, Moritz, 2005 ) . Urban growing and substructure in this country have impacted the natural environment and will go on to make so, such as by break uping home grounds ( Bermingham, Dick, Moritz, 2005 ; Rico, Kindlmann, & A ; Sedlacek, 2007 ) . There is a struggle between development and preservation in this country ( Bermingham, Dick, Moritz, 2005 ) . Rain forests provide cardinal ecosystem services and therefore keep important value, therefore developing sustainable direction patterns in these countries is indispensable ( Bermi ngham, Dick, Moritz, 2005 ) .Site Location and DescriptionThe Cow Bay part is a combination of a complex mosaic of flora types, including low land tropical rain forest, and urban development ( Figure 5 & A ; 6 ) . The part is one of high biodiversity, located within the WTWHA ( Rainforest CRC, 2000 ) . Approximately, there are 287 belongingss in the country numbering 514 hectares ; 80 belongingss of which are settled, 12 of which have been given to conservation intent and the staying are unsettled ( Rainforest CRC, 2000 ) . Within the settled belongingss, development scopes from full glade of private lands to merely minimal uncluttering with rainforest residential homes ( Rainforest CRC, 2000 ) . The development of urban substructure has allowed entree to what would hold been a distant country.Data PresentationMethodsThe OECD Pressure State Response theoretical account was used to develop proformas in which informations could so be collected consistently ( OECD, 2000 ) . Systematic experimental recordings of the natural environ were used to measure the part and the information was recorded in the proformas. Cardinal indexs were developed and used to find force per unit areas that degraded the province of the natural environment due to urban development. Response steps already in topographic point were so identified and extra responses were considered and recorded in the proformas. Additional cardinal note pickings was besides used to roll up informations, along with picture taking to record force per unit areas or responses. Data was collected in the Cow Bay Region on the 27th of April 2010 from 3:00-4:30/5:00pm. The conditions was overcast with minimum rain.ConsequencesThe consequences are summarised in the undermentioned figures, exposures and tabular arraies.DiscussionPressuresThere are legion preservation issues associated with the urbanization of the Cow Bay Region within a lowland tropical rain forest scene. The chief environmental force per unit areas include pollution, human activities, glade, atomization, border effects and additive barriers. Pollution from vehicles and from people, in the signifier of rubbish and sewerage, can do the debasement of the natural environment. Human activities, such as glade and developing private belongings, presenting alien fruit, weed species and domestic animate beings, changing the flow and quality of H2O, touristry, utilizing generators and farming topographic point force per unit area on the natural environment. Clearing can do loss of primary rain forest, se condary regrowth, dirt debasement, H2O quality issues and can do atomization. Atomization consequences in additive barriers and border effects, impacting flora and wildlife every bit good as the biophysical environment. Climate alteration is besides a long term force per unit area to the natural environment which may bring forth societal and cultural issues.ResponseShort Term Management Strategies Education of the regional population, every bit good as visitants to the part, could be accomplished through the installing of more effectual marks and warnings of forbidden activities so as to convey the negative impacts of urban development within tropical rain forests. Decreasing the force per unit areas from uncluttering and atomization could be accomplished through presenting buffer zones, wildlife corridors, well linking tree canopies across roads and other additive barriers and perchance even constructing elevated roads to let the transition of wildlife and cut down wildlife deceases. More effectual ordinances, such as censoring the building of fencings and the glade of flora, curtailing H2O usage, curtailing the figure of domestic animate beings per family and compulsory fixing of these animate beings, censoring of sewerage systems and execution of bio-recycling, and the mandatory installing of solar power could be implemented to cut down force per unit areas on the rain fore st. The replanting of native flora along river and creeks Bankss every bit good as along waysides could besides cut down force per unit areas, peculiarly eroding. Long Term Management Strategies To cut down the impacts of generators, such as noise and leaking fuel pollution, the debut of environmentally appropriate electricity, such as carefully constructed powerlines, and low-impact hydro-power or air current power, over clip may be a feasible solution. To cut down the sum of waste produced that may potentially do injury to the environment, a new trash disposal system could be implemented. This system should supply inducements for recycling and the minimisation of waste, for illustration, through taking the waste charge from local authorities rates and implementing a system in which occupants pay 10 cents per kg of general waste, while reimbursing occupants 5 cents per kg of separated recycled waste. Residents should be provided with four little bins in which waste could easy be separated into paper, plastic, glass and general waste. Increasing local authorities rates on belongingss within this WTWHA could function to deter any farther urban development or promote more belo ngings proprietors to come in into authorities buy-back strategies. Implementing the decrease or limitation of visitants over clip to the country in the moisture season may besides alleviate some force per unit areas on the natural environment and occupants who do non trust on touristry may be happy to hold a respite.Problems That May Arise From Response ActionsPromoting roads to let the transition of wildlife may do devastation or increased impact during the building stage and may non be cost effectual. Residents may non accept the stricter execution of ordinances or the rise in rates which may take to drawn-out legal statements appealing the ordinances across different degrees of authorities. Political recoil may besides originate from the debut of such steps, and some of the ordinances may necessitate to be examined under province or federal statute law. Implementing electricity within this sensitive country may do more injury than the pollution from the generators, such as makin g additive barriers and increased wildlife deceases if powerlines were used. The debut of new recycling steps may non do a positive reaction ; alternatively occupants may take to illicitly dump their waste, which will do more environmental injury. Additionally, cut downing touristry for periods of clip in the part may take to a big economic loss for the part.DecisionUrban development in the Cow Bay Region affects the province of the World Heritage tropical rain forest in the country. The debut of substructure, a lasting population and big Numberss of visitants and traffic have placed force per unit area on this sensitive natural environment. To conserve this country, response steps to these force per unit areas are required so as to diminish the jobs of additive barriers and border effects that result from glade and atomization.